{
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "last_verified": "2026-09-02",
  "sources": [
    {
      "url": "https://www.rdw.nl/het-rijbewijs/buitenlands-rijbewijs/buitenlands-rijbewijs-omwisselen",
      "note": "RDW: exchanging a foreign licence, incl. embedded checklist decision tree",
      "verified": "2026-09-02"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://www.rdw.nl/en/driving-licence/foreign-driving-licence/exchanging-a-foreign-driving-licence",
      "note": "RDW: English version",
      "verified": "2026-09-02"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://wetten.overheid.nl/jci1.3:c:BWBR0008041",
      "note": "Regeling omwisseling niet-Nederlandse rijbewijzen",
      "verified": "2026-09-02"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://www.rdw.nl/het-rijbewijs/aanvragen-of-verlengen/gezondheidsverklaring-aanvragen",
      "note": "RDW: health declaration",
      "verified": "2026-09-02"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://www.cbr.nl/nl/rijden-en-uw-gezondheid/buitenlands-rijbewijs-omwisselen",
      "note": "CBR: health declaration for exchange",
      "verified": "2026-09-02"
    }
  ],
  "predicates_in_order": [
    {
      "id": "X-BRP-REQUIRED",
      "description": "You must be registered in the BRP to exchange a licence. Visitors cannot exchange; the clock starts when they register.",
      "source": "https://www.rdw.nl/het-rijbewijs/buitenlands-rijbewijs/buitenlands-rijbewijs-omwisselen",
      "verified": "2026-09-02"
    },
    {
      "id": "X-EXPAT",
      "description": "A valid Belastingdienst expat-scheme decision (Beschikking expatregeling / 30% ruling) allows exchange of a licence from any country: all categories on the licence are exchanged. Conditions: the licence must still be valid, the holder needs a valid residence permit, and the holder must have lived at least 185 days in the issuing country in the year the licence was obtained. Cohabiting family members of the ruling holder are also covered (BWBR0008041 art. 2 lid 1). The application must happen while the ruling is valid; once exchanged, losing the ruling changes nothing.",
      "source": "https://wetten.overheid.nl/jci1.3:c:BWBR0008041",
      "verified": "2026-09-02"
    },
    {
      "id": "X-EU-ALL",
      "description": "A valid EU/EFTA licence is exchangeable, all categories.",
      "source": "https://www.rdw.nl/het-rijbewijs/buitenlands-rijbewijs/buitenlands-rijbewijs-omwisselen",
      "verified": "2026-09-02"
    },
    {
      "id": "X-EU-EXPIRED-CONFIRM",
      "description": "An expired EU/EEA/Swiss licence can still be exchanged, and there is no deadline for it. The RDW's English exchange page states that an EU/EFTA licence is allowed to be expired. The law behind it is Dutch, not EU: the EU directive only obliges countries to exchange a valid licence, while the Reglement rijbewijzen (article 45, paragraph 3) says the licence must at the time of application either still be valid or, if it expired because its validity period ran out, come with a statement from the issuing authority that it has no objection to a Dutch licence being issued. RDW asks for that statement only from Iceland, Liechtenstein and Switzerland. The RDW's Dutch page does not mention expired EU licences, so confirm your case via the official RDW checklist.",
      "source": "https://www.rdw.nl/en/driving-licence/foreign-driving-licence/exchanging-a-foreign-driving-licence",
      "source_legal": "https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0008074/2026-01-01#HoofdstukII_Paragraaf2_Artikel45",
      "verified": "2026-09-07"
    },
    {
      "id": "X-CARIB",
      "description": "Licences from Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba, Sint Eustatius and Sint Maarten are exchangeable (all categories) if the licence is valid and the holder lived there at least 185 days in the year of issue.",
      "source": "https://www.rdw.nl/het-rijbewijs/buitenlands-rijbewijs/buitenlands-rijbewijs-omwisselen",
      "verified": "2026-09-02"
    },
    {
      "id": "X-DESIGNATED",
      "description": "Licences from designated agreement jurisdictions are exchangeable for the listed categories only, if the licence is valid and the holder lived at least 185 days in the issuing jurisdiction in the year of issue. Other categories are lost on exchange (afstandsverklaring); waived categories can later be restored with a health declaration.",
      "source": "https://www.rdw.nl/het-rijbewijs/buitenlands-rijbewijs/buitenlands-rijbewijs-omwisselen",
      "verified": "2026-09-02"
    },
    {
      "id": "X-RESIDENCY-185",
      "description": "The 185-days-residence-in-year-of-issue test applies to Caribbean, designated-country and expat-route exchanges (not to EU/EFTA licences). Failing it means the licence cannot be exchanged.",
      "source": "https://www.rdw.nl/en/driving-licence/foreign-driving-licence/exchanging-a-foreign-driving-licence",
      "verified": "2026-09-02"
    },
    {
      "id": "X-EXPIRED-NO-EXCHANGE",
      "description": "An expired non-EU/EFTA licence cannot be exchanged.",
      "source": "https://www.rdw.nl/het-rijbewijs/buitenlands-rijbewijs/buitenlands-rijbewijs-omwisselen",
      "verified": "2026-09-02"
    },
    {
      "id": "X-UA-TP-EXPIRED",
      "description": "Ukrainian licences under temporary protection (title 46): RDW allows continued driving even on an expired licence and names the 30%-ruling route as the only exchange path, but that route requires a valid licence. Expired Ukrainian licences therefore get an undetermined exchange verdict pointing at the RDW checklist and IND.",
      "source": "https://www.rdw.nl/en/driving-licence/foreign-driving-licence/driving-with-a-foreign-driving-licence",
      "verified": "2026-09-02"
    },
    {
      "id": "X-OTHER-RETEST",
      "description": "Licences from all other jurisdictions (group OTHER) cannot be exchanged outside the expat route. The path to a Dutch licence is the full CBR theory + practical exam. This is a complete, specific verdict, not a gap. Note: anyone who ever held a Dutch licence valid after 30 June 1985 can exchange regardless of issuing country.",
      "source": "https://www.rdw.nl/het-rijbewijs/buitenlands-rijbewijs/buitenlands-rijbewijs-omwisselen",
      "verified": "2026-09-02"
    },
    {
      "id": "X-HEALTH-DECL",
      "description": "A CBR health declaration (Gezondheidsverklaring, €46.90 in 2026) is required for every non-EU/EFTA exchange. For EU/EFTA licences it is needed only when the licence validity is shorter than standard or it carries restrictive non-standard annotations (glasses/contacts/automatic codes are fine). CBR advises submitting it 6 months before the foreign licence stops being valid in NL.",
      "source": "https://www.cbr.nl/nl/rijden-en-uw-gezondheid/buitenlands-rijbewijs-omwisselen",
      "verified": "2026-09-02"
    },
    {
      "id": "X-TRANSLATION",
      "description": "A sworn translation is required when the licence is in characters not used in the Netherlands (RDW's examples: Japanese, Greek), made by a sworn translator, the embassy, or the consulate.",
      "source": "https://www.rdw.nl/het-rijbewijs/buitenlands-rijbewijs/buitenlands-rijbewijs-omwisselen",
      "verified": "2026-09-02"
    },
    {
      "id": "X-UK-BREXIT-NOTE",
      "description": "UK and Gibraltar licences carry timing conditions tied to when the holder moved to the Netherlands (on/after 1 January 2021, or transitional windows) and provisional licences are excluded. The checker does not ask extra questions; verdicts for GB/NI/GI carry a confirm-via-RDW note for holders who moved before 2021.",
      "source": "https://wetten.overheid.nl/jci1.3:c:BWBR0008041",
      "verified": "2026-09-02"
    },
    {
      "id": "X-RESIDENCE-STATUS",
      "description": "Non-EU/EFTA nationals must hold a valid residence permit, fall under Turkish Association Decision 1/80, or hold Temporary Protection title 46, before any exchange. The checker notes this as a requirement rather than asking for residence-permit type.",
      "source": "https://www.rdw.nl/en/driving-licence/foreign-driving-licence/exchanging-a-foreign-driving-licence",
      "verified": "2026-09-02"
    }
  ],
  "process": {
    "filed_at": "gemeente",
    "rdw_decision_working_days": 15,
    "collection_after_working_days": 5,
    "foreign_licence_returned": false,
    "note": "City pages quote 2–4 weeks overall; Den Haag destroys uncollected licences after 3 months.",
    "source": "https://www.rdw.nl/het-rijbewijs/buitenlands-rijbewijs/buitenlands-rijbewijs-omwisselen",
    "verified": "2026-09-02"
  }
}